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Medicine
There are two types of medicines in Siddha Medicine. They are -
Internal Medicine The internal medicines are thirty two in number. They include medicines with short life period to medicines which could be used even for hundreds of years. The metallic preparations that could be preserved and used for longer duration are considered as higher medicines. They act even in very small quantity and are capable of curing chronic illness. 1. Surasam - These are extracts of leaves, roots, barks, flowers, rhizomes, fruits etc, which are boiled so that their water content is greatly reduced. Their duration of life is three hours. Example: ginger juice surasa. 2. Charu - They are extracts of leaves, roots, barks, flowers etc, obtained by grinding them, or obtained by adding some astringent substances or by direct heat application. 3. Kudineer - These are decoctions prepared by adding water to dry herbs, or fresh ones and the boiling them so that the water content is greatly reduced to 1/16th or 1/8 of the water added. Some times, some substances are not directly added to the water but instead they are kept in a clean white cloth, tied and immersed in the water. They also could be used for three hours. 4. Karkam - These are pastes obtained by grinding wet drugs or by adding water decoctions to dry powders. The kalvam or the pestle and mortar should be cleaned when the drugs are ground in it. It should be ensured that all drugs added to it are properly mixed. Its life period is three hours. 5. Utkalee - The drugs are added to rice either raw or boiled or to bengal gram flour, ground properly, sugar or jaggery added to it and then boiled so that it is made in to a paste form, where the outer layer is dry and the inner moist. 6. Adai - Some leaves are added to rice flour and ground properly and baked in hot oven after applying ghee to it. The life period is three hours. 7. Choornam - The dried drugs are taken separately, purified, either by frying or otherwise and made in to fine powders and sieved in fine cloth and mixed with other powder of the drug. The purification of the choornam is made by baking it either in water or in milk. The life period is three months. 8. Pittu - The drugs are made in to fine powder separately; mixed, baked either in water or in milk and then sugar or jaggery is added to it. The life period is three months. 9. Vadagam - The raw drugs are made in to fine powder separately, and then jaggery or palm sugar is added to it and baked in milk - water combination until the milk is completely dried up. Then it is ground when it is hot and made in to small pills. The life period is three months. 10. Vennai - The powder of the raw drugs are heated by adding ghee to it, so that the powder completely melts and mixes with the ghee. This is poured in to a bigger vessel containing water and churned properly, to get a butter like substance, life period is three months. 11. Manappagu - Some herbal drugs are made in to decoctions separately, or fruits juices are taken and boiled adding sugar or sugar crystals, till an aromatic smell appears, some drugs could also be added at this stage. This is the syrup form of a drug, that has a life period of six months. 12. Nei - Some juices or pastes or decoctions of herbs or tubers are added to cow's ghee and boiled till the drugs completely mix with the ghee and is in the form of the ghee. This process is used to get fat soluble components of the drugs. 13. Rasayanam - The rawdrugs are made in to fine powders, sugar and ghee are added to it and taken in a semi solid form. 14. Ilagham - Some decoctions or juices are mixed together, sugar is added to it and boiled in mild fire. When an aromatic smell appears, fine powders are sprinkled in to it. Ghee is added to it and then, honey is added till it is mixed well. 15. Ennai - Though it indicates gingely oil generally, it includes all oily substances of seeds, climbers, barks, tubers etc. It is classified in to twelve by its origin and five by its mode of application. Life period is one year. 16. Mathirai - The raw drugs are ground by adding juices, decoctions, ginger juice or breast milk and made in to small pills according to its dose and dried. Life period is one year. 17. Kadughu - The raw drugs are added to oily substances and boiled till mustard like granules appear. The granules are taken in, while the oil is used for external application. The life period is one year. 18. Pakkuvam - Drugs like Terminalia chebula are soaked in rice water or water, after it shrinks it is added wither to butter milk or to juices like that of ginger and lemon, and raw drugs are added to it. Life period is one year. 19. Thenural - Drugs like ginger, Indian gooseberry, Terminalia chebula are soaked in water, pores are made in it and then soaked either in sugar syrup or honey. The life period is one year. 20. Theeneer - This is the process in which raw drugs are distilled in water or some salts are distilled in specialised distillery pot. Life period is one year. 21. Mezhugu - They are of two types a) Obtained by grinding drugs. b) Obtained by heating them by adding oily substances. Obtained by grinding drugs : Mercurial compounds are ground separately or with other raw drugs adding juices or honey, in to a semisolid form. Obtained by heating them by adding oily substances : Mercurial drugs or pashana drugs are heated by slowly adding oily substances or juices and made in to a semi solid form and then ground well. Life period is 5 years. 22. Kuzhambu - Some juices or single juice kept in a vessel and raw drugs are added to it in fine powder form, then heated and taken in a semi liquid form. Life period is five years. 23. Pathangam - This is the process of sublimation. Mercurial compounds are made to sublime in specialised pots by keeping them in small container called "Moosai", over salt and red soil. Life period is ten years. 24. Chenduram - Metallic substances or toxic salts are made into red coloured powders, by the process of either burning them or frying them or exposing to the sunlight or keeping them in specialised pudas by adding decoctions, cheyaneers, dravagams etc. Life period is seventy five years. 25. Neer or Parpam - Loghas, Uparasas or Pashanas are made in to white powders by the puda process, burning them, frying them, blowing them by adding juices, cheyaneers, dravagas etc. It is to be remembered, the calcination process or the parpa of the gold alone is yellow in colour unlike other parpas. Life period is hundred years. Puda is the process in which the drugs is kept in a shallow earthern plate, and covered by an identical plate. The mouth is closed by clay paste clothes, in seven layers and kept in a pit and cooked using a given number of cow dung cakes. 26. Kattu - Some pashanas are made in to solid substances which never vapourise or melt or dissolve in water by adding cheyaneer, dravagam, leaf juice, breast milk, honey, and binding them. The other process by which it is made solid is by grinding then adding juices or breast milk after they are made in to parpas or chenduras. It's life period is hundred years. 27. Urukku - Some Loghas or Pashanas after adding synergetic drugs or antagonistic drugs are kept in "Moosai" and blown using natural charcoal fire. Life period is hundred years. 28. Kalanghu - Mercurial compounds are kept in pudas after burning them with cheyaneer dravagam or juice and blown till they become beads, then gold and zinc are added to it. Life period is hundred years. 29. Chunnam - Mercury or Pashana or Logha either individually or combined are ground in Kalvas by adding juices, dravagam or cheyaneer dried, kept in moosai, blown and made in to white powders. They become red when turmeric powder is added to it because of the presence of Lime in it (calcium). Life period is five hundred years. 30. Karpam - Some herbal medicines are taken in prescribed doses with specific instructions over a period of time, similarly logha, uparasa preparations are also taken. 31. Chatthu - Drugs like iron powder, magnetic iron, uparasa are ground well with white yolk of eggs and kept in moosai and blown. Later mercury , gold and sulphur are added to it, and made in to chenduras by burning them. 32. Gurukuligai - The sublime mercury is made in to beads in its amalgam forms. The last few medicines are extinct now and special efforts should be made for active research in this higher forms of medicines, which are in specialities of the Siddha medicine. Siddhars had a cautious approach and they insisted that herbal medicines should be given preference over other medicines and non-herbals should be used only in chronic illness and in life saving condition.
External Application And Manifestation Thirty-two types of external applications and manipulations are mentioned in Siddha text and most of them are in practice even today. 1. Kattu - This application of medicine made of herbs, pashanas etc, to the affected areas and bandaging it. 2. Patru - Application of paste obtained from plant extracts or by grinding raw drugs with or without treating them. 3. Ottradam - It is the application of fomentation using pulses, sereals husk, lime, brick powder, leaves etc. 4. Poochu - Application of medicated oils or herbal juices after warming them gently. 5. Vedhu - It is the inhalation of fumes or steam, by adding raw drug powders to boiling water or by burning raw drugs as wicks in small earthern lamps which contain neem oil. 6. Pottanam - Small cloth bags containing powdered raw drugs are soaked in warm neem oil or other oily substances and applied over affected areas of the body as fomentation. 7. Thokkanam - This is the physical manipulation of the body either by applying medicated oil or without. This is similar to the present day physiotherapy. 8. Pugai - This is application of fumes to the different parts of the body. The fume is generated by using peacock feather, cumin seeds, horns of animals, skin of snakes etc. Apart from that, prepared medicines like Agasthiyar Kuzhambu, Koushikar Kuzhambu are also used. 9. Mai - Application of fine paste to the eye. Collyrium for the eye. The carbon or smoke formed by burning dried wick, soaked in Eclipta alba in confined air and mixed with cow's butter. 10. Podi thimirdhal - Rubbing the body with horse gram flour or turmeric powder with or without camphor. 11. Kallikam - Applying eye drops obtained by dissolving medicated pills in honey, breast milk, plant juices etc. 12. Nasiya - The prepared medicines are used as nasal drops or fresh juice is used as nasal drop. When the prepared medicine is used it is made liquid by dissolving it in breast milk. 13. Oodhal - The physician chewing the medicated substance and blowing the aroma in to the ears or nose of the patient. 14. Nasiga paranam - Raw drugs are either powdered or soaked in milk or herbal juices dried, made in to powder and applied in to the nostril. This is the powdered form, while nasia is in liquid form. 15. Kazhimbu - Pashanas are powdered along with astringent drugs like Terminalia chebula, Quercus infectorious and ground well with butter and applied to wounds. 16. Seelai - Toxic drugs are ground in water or herbal juice and a piece of cloth is soaked in this and applied to the wounds. 17. Neer - Some raw drugs are soaked in water or made in to decoctions, or toxic substances are greatly diluted and used to wash wounds. They act as antiseptic. 18. Varthi - Toxic substances are ground well with herbal juices or decoctions and piece of cloth is soaked in this, made in to a wick and is applied to deep wounds. 19. Suttigai - This is heat application using needles, broken earthern pots or piece of wood in specific areas of the body. This also includes solar radiation and air radiation. 20. Sallagai - This is an exploratory therapy using a probe which has blunt end. 21. Pasai - Some drugs like kungiliya are added to molten wax or castor oil and applied to wounds. 22. Kazhi - Drugs like Lepidum sativum seeds are ground with rice flour by adding milk or water, heated and applied to affected area. 23. Podi - Raw drugs are powdered and applied to wounds, mostly astringent drugs are used for this purpose. 24. Murichal - This is the physical manipulation by which dislocated bone or joint are brought to their normal position. This is similar to bone-setting. 25. Keeral - Incision of boils and removal of accumulated pus, blood etc. 26. Karam - Application of toxic drugs to areas to be excised or to chronic ulcers. 27. Attai-vidal - Leech application to locally affected areas, block or swelling. 28. Aruvai - This is excision of affected part of the body using specific surgical instruments. 29. Kombu kattal - Immobilizing fractured bone using splints and bandages - after proper reduction. 30. Urinjal - Drainage of accumulated pus, blood etc by sucking with proper drains. 31. Kuridhi Vangal - Blood-letting in condition where there is accumulated blood by venesection. 32. Peechu - Enema using water or soap water to evacuate rectum.
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